From b52cb4303601b1f1a0a990d0d1d8acd6cc785b70 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Matthew Butterick Date: Wed, 30 Dec 2015 17:37:00 -0800 Subject: [PATCH] convert pollen.rkt to literate-programming format --- README.md | 14 +- info.rkt | 9 +- pollen-test.rkt | 208 +++++++ pollen.rkt | 1038 +--------------------------------- scribblings/mb.css | 53 ++ scribblings/pollen-rkt.scrbl | 962 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ scribblings/pollen-tfl.scrbl | 11 + 7 files changed, 1249 insertions(+), 1046 deletions(-) create mode 100644 pollen-test.rkt create mode 100644 scribblings/mb.css create mode 100644 scribblings/pollen-rkt.scrbl create mode 100644 scribblings/pollen-tfl.scrbl diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 39623a4..967eaf9 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The website is built with [Pollen](http://pollenpub.com). I’m sharing this cod To run this project, you need to first install [Racket](https://github.com/racket/racket) and [Pollen](https://github.com/mbutterick/pollen). -## Optional installation +## Installation Using Racket 6.0+, install from the command line: @@ -15,8 +15,14 @@ Using Racket 6.0+, install from the command line: And update like so: raco pkg update --update-deps pollen-tfl + + +## Documentation -Installation is optional because you can also clone the repo in the usual ways and run it with Pollen. +Scribble documentation is provided for the main `pollen.rkt` file. (Search for the `pollen-tfl` module in the Racket docs.) + +Other source files contain comments. + ## But this repo is not open source @@ -30,7 +36,3 @@ I do **NOT** give you permission to reuse any of the content of this web-based b If you have questions not covered here, please post them on the Pollen mailing list: http://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/pollenpub - -## Which files are commented? - -[`pollen.rkt`](https://github.com/mbutterick/pollen-tfl/blob/master/pollen.rkt) diff --git a/info.rkt b/info.rkt index c881c46..a61de92 100644 --- a/info.rkt +++ b/info.rkt @@ -1,8 +1,7 @@ #lang info (define collection "pollen-tfl") -(define scribblings '()) -(define deps '("base" "pollen" "hyphenate" "css-tools" "txexpr" "sugar")) -(define build-deps '("txexpr" "sugar" "rackunit-lib")) +(define scribblings '(("scribblings/pollen-tfl.scrbl" (multi-page)))) +(define deps '("base" "pollen" "hyphenate" "css-tools" "txexpr" "sugar" "scribble-lib")) +(define build-deps '("rackunit-lib" "racket-doc" "scribble-doc")) (define update-implies '("txexpr" "hyphenate" "sugar")) -(define compile-omit-paths 'all) -(define test-omit-paths (list #rx"\\.(pm|ptree|pp)$")) +(define test-omit-paths (list #rx"\\.(pm|ptree|pp)$")) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pollen-test.rkt b/pollen-test.rkt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..022861d --- /dev/null +++ b/pollen-test.rkt @@ -0,0 +1,208 @@ +#lang pollen/mode racket/base + +#| +UNIT TESTS + +Testing, as always, is optional, but strongly recommended. Unit tests are little one-line tests that +prove your function does what it says. As you refactor and reorganize your code, your unit tests will +let you know if you broke anything. + +You can make unit tests with the `rackunit` library. Though you can put your unit tests in a separate +source file, I generally prefer to put them close to the function that they're testing. (For details +on the testing functions used below, see the docs for `rackunit`) + +The ideal way to do this is with a `test` submodule. The code in a `test` submodule will only be used +a) when you run the file in DrRacket or +b) when `raco test` runs the file. +Otherwise, it is ignored. + +We'll use the `module+` syntax for this. As the name suggests, `module+` creates a submodule that +incorporates everything else already in the source file. Moreover, all of our `module+ test` blocks +will be combined into a single submodule. +|# + +(module+ test + (require rackunit txexpr "pollen.rkt") ;; always include this at the start of the test submodule + + ;; We use `check-txexprs-equal?` rather than `check-equal?` because it's a little more lenient: + ;; it allows the attributes of two txexprs to be in a different order, + ;; yet still be considered equal (because ordering of attributes is not semantically significant). + (check-txexprs-equal? (link "http://foo.com" "link text") + '(a ((href "http://foo.com")) "link text")) + + ;; The last test was fine, but it can be even better if we use a Pollen-mode command on the left. + ;; That way, we can directly compare the command as it appears in Pollen input + ;; with how it appears in the output. + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊link["http://foo.com"]{link text} + '(a ((href "http://foo.com")) "link text")) + + ;; It's wise to test as many valid input situations as you can. + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊link["http://foo.com" #:class 'main]{link text} + '(a ((href "http://foo.com")(class "main")) "link text")) + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊link["http://foo.com"] + '(a ((href "http://foo.com")) "http://foo.com")) + + ;; Strictly speaking, you could also write the last Pollen command like so: + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊link{http://foo.com} '(a ((href "http://foo.com")) "http://foo.com")) + + ;; That's not wrong. But in the interests of code readability, + ;; I like to reserve the curly brackets in a Pollen command + ;; for material that I expect to see displayed in the output + ;; (e.g., textual and other content), + ;; and use the square brackets for the other arguments. + + ;; You can also check that errors arise when they should. + ;; Note that when testing for exceptions, you need to wrap your test expression in a function + ;; (so that its evaluation can be delayed, otherwise you'd get the error immediately.) + ;; The `(λ _ expression)` notation is a simple way. + ;; (The `_` is the idiomatic way to notate something that will be ignored, in this case arguments.) + (check-exn exn:fail? (λ _ ◊link[])) ; no arguments + (check-exn exn:fail? (λ _ ◊link[#:invalid-keyword 42])) ; invalid keyword argument + (check-exn exn:fail? (λ _ ◊link[#f]))) ; invalid argument + +;; For the sake of brevity, I'm going to write just one test for the remaining functions. +;; But you're encouraged to add more tests (or break the existing ones and see what happens). + + +(module+ test + ;; notice that we use `buy-url` in our test result. + ;; That way, if we change the value of `buy-url`, the test won't break. + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊buy-book-link{link text} `(a ((href ,buy-url)) "link text"))) + +(module+ test + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊buylink["http://foo.com"]{link text} + '(a ((href "http://foo.com")(class "buylink")) "link text"))) + +(module+ test + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊home-link["http://foo.com"]{link text} + '(a ((href "http://foo.com")(class "home-link")) "link text"))) + +(module+ test + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊image["pic.gif"] + '(img ((style "width: 100%") (class "bordered")(src "images/pic.gif")))) + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊image[#:border #f "pic.gif"] + '(img ((style "width: 100%")(src "images/pic.gif")))) + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊image[#:width "50%" "pic.gif"] + '(img ((style "width: 50%")(class "bordered")(src "images/pic.gif"))))) + +(module+ test + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊div-scale[.5]{Hello} '(div ((style "width: 0.5")) "Hello"))) + +(module+ test + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊font-scale[.75]{Hello} + '(span ((style "font-size: 0.75em")) "Hello"))) + +(module+ test + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊home-image["pic.gif"] + '(img ((style "width: 100%") (class "home-image") (src "images/pic.gif"))))) + +(module+ test + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊home-overlay["pic.gif"]{Hello} + '(div ((class "home-overlay") (style "background-image: url('pic.gif')")) + (div ((class "home-overlay-inner")) "Hello")))) + +(module+ test + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊glyph{X} + '(span ((class "glyph")) "X")) + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊glyph[#:id "top"]{X} + '(span ((class "glyph")(id "top")) "X"))) + +(module+ test + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊image-wrapped{my-path} + '(img ((class "icon") + (style "width: 120px;") + (align "left") + (src "images/my-path"))))) + +(module+ test + (check-equal? (detect-list-items '("foo" "\n" "bar")) ; linebreak, not list item break + '((li (p "foo" (br) "bar")))) + (check-equal? (detect-list-items '("foo" "\n" "\n" "bar")) ; paragraph break, not list item break + '((li (p "foo") (p "bar")))) + (check-equal? (detect-list-items '("foo" "\n" "\n" "\n" "bar")) ; list item break + '((li (p "foo")) (li (p "bar")))) + (check-equal? (detect-list-items '("foo" "\n\n\n" "bar")) ; list item break, concatenated + '((li (p "foo")) (li (p "bar")))) + (check-equal? (detect-list-items '("foo" "\n" "\n" "\n\n\n" "bar")) ; list item break + '((li (p "foo")) (li (p "bar"))))) + +(module+ test + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊bullet-list{foo} '(ul (li (p "foo")))) + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊numbered-list{foo} '(ol (li (p "foo"))))) + +(module+ test + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊btw{foo + + + bar} + '(ul ((class "btw")) + (div ((id "btw-title")) "by the way") + (li (p "foo")) + (li (p "bar"))))) + + +(module+ test + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊xref{target} + `(a ((class "xref") (href "target.html") ,no-hyphens-attr) "target")) + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊xref["url"]{target} + `(a ((class "xref") (href "url") ,no-hyphens-attr) "target")) + (check-exn exn:fail:contract:arity? (λ _ (xref "url" "target" "spurious-third-argument")))) + +(module+ test + (check-equal? (target->url "foo?") "foo.html") + (check-equal? (target->url "FOO") "foo.html") + (check-equal? (target->url "foé") "foe.html") + (check-equal? (target->url "Foreword Lengthy Title") "foreword.html") + (check-equal? (target->url "Table of Contents and Other Nonsense") "toc.html") + (check-equal? (target->url "Nonbreaking Space and Spaces") "nonbreaking-space-and-spaces.html")) + + +(module+ test + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊topic{foo} + '(h3 ((class "topic")) "foo")) + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊subhead{foo} + '(h3 ((class "subhead")) "foo")) + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊font-headline{foo} + '(h3 ((class "font-headline")) "foo")) + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊section{foo} + '(h2 ((class "section")) "foo")) + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊chapter{foo} + '(h1 ((class "chapter")) "foo"))) + +(module+ test + (let ([my-fake-metas (hash 'title "Fake Title" 'white "noise")]) + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊topic-from-metas[my-fake-metas] + '(h3 ((class "topic")) "Fake Title")) + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊section-from-metas[my-fake-metas] + '(h2 ((class "section")) "Fake Title")) + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊chapter-from-metas[my-fake-metas] + '(h1 ((class "chapter")) "Fake Title")))) + +(module+ test + (check-txexprs-equal? ◊hanging-topic["Topic name"]{One-line explanation} + `(div ((class "hanging-topic") ,no-hyphens-attr) "Topic name" + (p (,no-hyphens-attr) "One-line explanation")))) + +(module+ test + (check-txexprs-equal? + ◊(quick-table "heading-one | heading-two" "\n" + " three | four" "\n" + "five | six ") + '(table (tr (th "heading-one") (th "heading-two")) + (tr (td "three") (td "four")) + (tr (td "five") (td "six"))))) + +(module+ test + (check-txexprs-equal? (hyphenate-block `(div "snowman" (span (,no-hyphens-attr) "snowman"))) + `(div "snow\u00ADman" (span (,no-hyphens-attr) "snowman")))) + +(module+ test + (check-txexprs-equal? (make-quotes-hangable "“Who is it?”") + '(quo "" (dquo-push) (dquo-pull "“") "Who is it?”"))) + +(module+ test + (check-equal? (fix-em-dashes "Hey — you!") "Hey—you!") + (check-equal? (fix-em-dashes "Hey—you!") "Hey—you!")) + +(module+ test + (check-equal? (capitalize-first-letter "foo dog") "Foo dog")) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pollen.rkt b/pollen.rkt index 81fbd39..62e6333 100644 --- a/pollen.rkt +++ b/pollen.rkt @@ -1,1035 +1,3 @@ -#lang pollen/mode racket/base -#| -We can write a pollen.rkt file in any #lang. `#lang racket` is more convenient because it loads more -libraries by default. For the same reason, `#lang racket/base` — with a minimal set of libraries — is -slightly faster to load. The difference here is probably negligible. - -In general, the more virtuous habit is `#lang racket/base`. - -`pollen/mode` is a metalanguage that adds support for Pollen-mode commands in a source file. -So instead of `#lang racket/base` we write `#lang pollen/mode racket/base`. `pollen/mode` is optional. - -BTW this file is heavily commented so it can serve as a Pollen learning tool. Rather than just read -along, you are encouraged to run this project with the project server active, and make changes to this -file and see how they affect the output. - -We could avoid the next `require` if we were using `#lang racket`, because these libraries would -already -be available. -|# -(require - (for-syntax racket/base racket/syntax) ; enables macros - racket/list - racket/format - racket/string - racket/function - racket/contract - racket/match - racket/system) - - -#| -Other libraries we'll be using. -|# -(require - sugar - txexpr - pollen/decode - pollen/tag - hyphenate - "pricing-table.rkt") - - -#| -Everything provided from a pollen.rkt is automatically available to Pollen source files in the -same directory or subdirectories (unless superseded by another pollen.rkt, as in the "fonts" subdir) - -Note that `all-defined-out` would only export the definitions that are created in this file. To make -imported definitions available too, we need to re-export them with `all-from-out`. -|# -(provide (all-defined-out) (all-from-out "pricing-table.rkt")) - - -#| -Pollen recognizes the environment variable POLLEN, which can take any value. -For instance, instead of starting the project server with - - raco pollen start - -You could do - - POLLEN=SOME-STRING raco pollen start - -And "SOME-STRING" would be loaded into the POLLEN environment variable. - -We can retrieve this value with `(getenv "POLLEN")`. It can be used to create branching behavior. -Here, we'll create a `dev-mode?` test and use it later to change the behavior of certain functions. -|# -(define (dev-mode?) - (equal? (getenv "POLLEN") "DEV")) - - -#| -Definitions in a pollen.rkt can be functions or values. -Here are a couple values. -|# -(define content-rule-color "#444") ; for CSS classes -(define buy-url "http://typo.la/oc") ; link to buy the Typography for Lawyers paperback - - -#| - -TAG FUNCTIONS - -|# - -#| -`link`: make a hyperlink - -In Pollen notation, we'll invoke the tag function like so: - - ◊link[url]{text of link} - ◊link[url #:class "name"]{text of link} - -This will become, in Racket notation: - - (link url "text of link") - (link url #:class "name" "text of link") - -The definition of the tag function will follow this syntax. - -Learning to see the duality of Pollen & Racket notation is a necessary part of the learning curve. -Pollen notation is optimized for embedding commands in text. -Racket notation is optimized for writing code. - -The relationship between the two, however, is dependable and consistent. - -By contrast, most "template languages" either make you use syntax that's different from the -underlying language, or restrict you to a subset of commands. - -Whereas any Racket command can be expressed in Pollen notation. So having two equivalent notation -systems ultimately lets you do more, not less. - -|# - -#| -The definition of `link` follows the arguments above. -`url` is a mandatory argument. -`class` is a keyword argument (= must be introduced with #:class) and also optional (if it's not -provided, it will default to #f). -`xs` is a rest argument, as in "put the rest of the arguments here." Most definitions of -tag functions should end with a rest argument. Why? Because in Pollen notation, the `{text ...}` -in `◊func[arg]{text ...}` can return any number of arguments. Maybe one (e.g., if `text` is a word) -or maybe more (e.g, if `text ...` is a multiline block). - -If you DON'T use a rest argument, and pass multiple text arguments to your tag function, you will get -an error (namely an "arity error", which means the function got more arguments than it expected). - -The result of our tag function will be a tagged X-expression that looks like this: - - '(a ((href "url")) "text to link") - '(a ((href "url")(class "name")) "text to link") - -X-expressions and tagged X-expressions are introduced in the Pollen docs. -|# - -(define (link url #:class [class-name #f] . text-args) - (define no-text-arguments? (empty? text-args)) - (if no-text-arguments? - (let ([text-to-link url]) - ;; if we don't have any text to link, use `url` as the link text too. - (link #:class class-name url text-to-link)) - ;; otherwise, create the basic tagged X-expression, - ;; and then add the `url` and (maybe) `class` attributes. - ;; `let*` is the idiomatic Racket way to mutate a variable. - ;; (Spoiler alert: you're not really mutating, you're creating copies.) - ;; You could also use `set!` — not wrong, but not idiomatic. - (let* - ([link-tx (make-txexpr 'a empty text-args)] - ;; `attr-set` is from the `txexpr` module. It updates an attribute value - ;; and returns an updated X-expression. - [link-tx (attr-set link-tx 'href url)] - [link-tx (if class-name - (attr-set link-tx 'class class-name) - link-tx)]) - link-tx))) - - -#| -Making tagged X-expressions (txexprs) - -In a "pollen.rkt" file you'll be making a lot of tagged X-expressions (txexprs for short). -A txexpr is just a Racket list, so you can make one with any of Racket's list-making functions -(which are plentiful). Let's run through a few of them, so they start to become familiar. - -Suppose we want to generate the txexpr '(div ((class "big")) "text"). Here are some ways to do it. - -1) `make-txexpr` -A utility function from the `txexpr` module. We used it in the `link` function above. -The major advantage of `make-txexpr` is that it will raise an error if your arguments are invalid -types for a tagged X-expression. -|# -(check-txexprs-equal? (make-txexpr 'div '((class "big")) '("text")) - '(div ((class "big")) "text")) -#| -The second and third arguments to `make-txexpr` are lists, so you can use any list notation. -If your txexpr doesn't have attributes, you can pass `empty` or `null` for the second argument. -|# -(check-txexprs-equal? (make-txexpr 'div (list '(class "big")) (list "text")) - '(div ((class "big")) "text")) - -#| -2) `list` and `list*` -`list*` is particularly useful for making txexprs, because it automatically splices the last argument. -|# -(check-txexprs-equal? (list 'div '((class "big")) "text") - '(div ((class "big")) "text")) - -(check-txexprs-equal? (list* 'div '((class "big")) '("text")) - '(div ((class "big")) "text")) - -#| -3) `cons` -All lists are ultimately made of `cons` cells. -So you can make txexprs with it too, though it's more cumbersome than the other methods. -In most cases, `list*` is clearer & more flexible (`cons` can only take two arguments; -`list*` can take any number) -|# -(check-txexprs-equal? (cons 'div (cons '((class "big")) (cons "text" empty))) - '(div ((class "big")) "text")) - -(check-txexprs-equal? (cons 'div (list '((class "big")) "text")) - '(div ((class "big")) "text")) - -#| -4) `quasiquote` -As the name suggests, quasiquote works like quote, but lets you "unquote" variables within. -Quasiquote notation is pleasingly compact for simple cases, but can be unruly for complex ones. -The unquote operator (,) puts a variable's value into the list. -The unquote splicing operator (,@) does the same thing, but if the variable holds a list of items, -it merges those items into the list (i.e., does not leave them as a sublist). -|# -(check-txexprs-equal? (let ([tag 'div] - [attrs '((class "big"))] - [elements '("text")]) - ; we unquote `attrs` because we want them as a sublist - ; but we splice `elements` because we don't want them in a sublist - `(,tag ,attrs ,@elements)) - '(div ((class "big")) "text")) - -#| -UNIT TESTS - -Testing, as always, is optional, but strongly recommended. Unit tests are little one-line tests that -prove your function does what it says. As you refactor and reorganize your code, your unit tests will -let you know if you broke anything. - -You can make unit tests with the `rackunit` library. Though you can put your unit tests in a separate -source file, I generally prefer to put them close to the function that they're testing. (For details -on the testing functions used below, see the docs for `rackunit`) - -The ideal way to do this is with a `test` submodule. The code in a `test` submodule will only be used -a) when you run the file in DrRacket or -b) when `raco test` runs the file. -Otherwise, it is ignored. - -We'll use the `module+` syntax for this. As the name suggests, `module+` creates a submodule that -incorporates everything else already in the source file. Moreover, all of our `module+ test` blocks -will be combined into a single submodule. -|# - -(module+ test - (require rackunit) ;; always include this at the start of the test submodule - - ;; We use `check-txexprs-equal?` rather than `check-equal?` because it's a little more lenient: - ;; it allows the attributes of two txexprs to be in a different order, - ;; yet still be considered equal (because ordering of attributes is not semantically significant). - (check-txexprs-equal? (link "http://foo.com" "link text") - '(a ((href "http://foo.com")) "link text")) - - ;; The last test was fine, but it can be even better if we use a Pollen-mode command on the left. - ;; That way, we can directly compare the command as it appears in Pollen input - ;; with how it appears in the output. - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊link["http://foo.com"]{link text} - '(a ((href "http://foo.com")) "link text")) - - ;; It's wise to test as many valid input situations as you can. - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊link["http://foo.com" #:class 'main]{link text} - '(a ((href "http://foo.com")(class "main")) "link text")) - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊link["http://foo.com"] - '(a ((href "http://foo.com")) "http://foo.com")) - - ;; Strictly speaking, you could also write the last Pollen command like so: - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊link{http://foo.com} '(a ((href "http://foo.com")) "http://foo.com")) - - ;; That's not wrong. But in the interests of code readability, - ;; I like to reserve the curly brackets in a Pollen command - ;; for material that I expect to see displayed in the output - ;; (e.g., textual and other content), - ;; and use the square brackets for the other arguments. - - ;; You can also check that errors arise when they should. - ;; Note that when testing for exceptions, you need to wrap your test expression in a function - ;; (so that its evaluation can be delayed, otherwise you'd get the error immediately.) - ;; The `(λ _ expression)` notation is a simple way. - ;; (The `_` is the idiomatic way to notate something that will be ignored, in this case arguments.) - (check-exn exn:fail? (λ _ ◊link[])) ; no arguments - (check-exn exn:fail? (λ _ ◊link[#:invalid-keyword 42])) ; invalid keyword argument - (check-exn exn:fail? (λ _ ◊link[#f]))) ; invalid argument - -;; For the sake of brevity, I'm going to write just one test for the remaining functions. -;; But you're encouraged to add more tests (or break the existing ones and see what happens). - - -#| -The next three tag functions are just convenience variations of `link`. -But they involve some crafty (and necessary) uses of `apply`. -|# - -#| -`buy-book-link`: makes a link with a particular URL. - -Notice that we have to use `apply` to correctly pass our `text-args` rest argument to `link`. -Why? Because `link` expects its text arguments to look like this: - - (link url text-arg-1 text-arg-2 ...) - -Not like this: - - (link url (list text-arg-1 text-arg-2 ...)) - -But that's what will happen if we just do `(link text-args)`, and `link` will complain. (Try it!) - -The role of `apply` is to take a list of arguments and append them to the end of the function call, so - - (apply link url (list text-arg-1 text-arg-2 ...)) - -Is equivalent to: - - (link url text-arg-1 text-arg-2 ...) - -|# - -(define (buy-book-link . text-args) - (apply link buy-url text-args)) - -(module+ test - ;; notice that we use `buy-url` in our test result. - ;; That way, if we change the value of `buy-url`, the test won't break. - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊buy-book-link{link text} `(a ((href ,buy-url)) "link text"))) - -#| -`buylink`: creates a link styled with the "buylink" class. -`home-link`: creates a link styled with the "home-link" class. - -The difference here is that we're not providing a specific URL. Rather, we want to pass through -whatever URL we get from the Pollen source. So we add a `url` argument. -|# -(define (buylink url . text-args) - (apply link url #:class "buylink" text-args)) - -(module+ test - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊buylink["http://foo.com"]{link text} - '(a ((href "http://foo.com")(class "buylink")) "link text"))) - - -(define (home-link url . text-args) - (apply link url #:class "home-link" text-args)) - -(module+ test - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊home-link["http://foo.com"]{link text} - '(a ((href "http://foo.com")(class "home-link")) "link text"))) - -#| -BTW we could also be let the rest argument capture the URL, -and just pass everything through with `apply`, which will work the same way: - - (define (buylink . url-and-text-args) - (apply link #:class "buylink" url-and-text-args)) - -The other definition is more readable and explicit, however. -|# - - -#| -`image`: make an img tag - -We proceed as we did with `link`. But in this case, we don't need a rest argument -because this tag function doesn't accept text arguments. - -"Right, but shouldn't you use a rest argument just in case?" It depends on how you like errors -to be handled. You could capture the text arguments with a rest argument and then just silently -dispose of them. But this might be mysterious to the person editing the Pollen source (whether you -or someone else). "Where did my text go?" - -Whereas if we omit the rest argument, and try to pass text arguments anyhow, `image` will immediately -raise an error, letting us know that we're misusing it. -|# -(define (image src #:width [width "100%"] #:border [border? #t]) - (define img-tag (attr-set* '(img) 'style (format "width: ~a" width) - 'src (build-path "images" src))) - (if border? - (attr-set img-tag 'class "bordered") - img-tag)) - - -(module+ test - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊image["pic.gif"] - '(img ((style "width: 100%") (class "bordered")(src "images/pic.gif")))) - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊image[#:border #f "pic.gif"] - '(img ((style "width: 100%")(src "images/pic.gif")))) - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊image[#:width "50%" "pic.gif"] - '(img ((style "width: 50%")(class "bordered")(src "images/pic.gif"))))) - - -#| - -`div-scale`: wrap tag in a 'div' with a scaling factor - - ◊div-scale[.75]{text here ...} - -|# -(define (div-scale factor . text-args) - ; use `format` on factor because it might be either a string or a number - (define base (make-txexpr 'div null text-args)) - (attr-set base 'style (format "width: ~a" factor))) - -(module+ test - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊div-scale[.5]{Hello} '(div ((style "width: 0.5")) "Hello"))) - - -#| - -`font-scale`: wrap tag in a 'span' with a relative font-scaling factor - - ◊font-scale[.75]{text here ...} - -|# -(define (font-scale ratio . text-args) - (define base (make-txexpr 'span null text-args)) - (attr-set base 'style (format "font-size: ~aem" ratio))) - -(module+ test - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊font-scale[.75]{Hello} - '(span ((style "font-size: 0.75em")) "Hello"))) - - -#| - -`home-image`: make an image with class "home-image" - - ◊home-image[image-path] - -|# -(define (home-image image-path) - (attr-set (image image-path) 'class "home-image")) - -(module+ test - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊home-image["pic.gif"] - '(img ((style "width: 100%") (class "home-image") (src "images/pic.gif"))))) - - -#| - -`home-overlay`: create nested divs where the text sits atop a background image. - - ◊home-overlay[image-name]{text} - -This is an example of how fiddly HTML chores can be encapsulated / hidden inside a tag function. -This makes your source files tidier. -It also makes it possible to change the fiddly HTML markup from one central location. -|# -(define (home-overlay img-path . text-args) - `(div ((class "home-overlay")(style ,(format "background-image: url('~a')" img-path))) - (div ((class "home-overlay-inner")) ,@text-args))) - -(module+ test - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊home-overlay["pic.gif"]{Hello} - '(div ((class "home-overlay") (style "background-image: url('pic.gif')")) - (div ((class "home-overlay-inner")) "Hello")))) - - -#| - -`glyph`: create a span with the class "glyph". - - ◊glyph{text} - -Here, I'll use `make-default-tag-function`, which is an easy way to make a simple tag function. -Any keywords passed in will be propagated to every use of the tag function. -|# -(define glyph (make-default-tag-function 'span #:class "glyph")) - -(module+ test - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊glyph{X} - '(span ((class "glyph")) "X")) - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊glyph[#:id "top"]{X} - '(span ((class "glyph")(id "top")) "X"))) - - -#| - -`image-wrapped`: like `image` but with some extra attributes - - ◊image-wrapped[img-path] - -|# -(define (image-wrapped img-path) - (attr-set* (image img-path) 'class "icon" 'style "width: 120px;" 'align "left")) - -(module+ test - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊image-wrapped{my-path} - '(img ((class "icon") - (style "width: 120px;") - (align "left") - (src "images/my-path"))))) - -#| - -`detect-list-items`: helper function for other tag functions that make HTML lists. - -The idea is to automatically convert a sequence of three (or more) linebreaks -into a new list item (i.e.,
  • tag). - -Why three? Because later on, we'll make one linebreak = new line and two linebreaks = new paragraph. - -This function will be used within a `decode` function (more on that below) -in a position where it will be passed a list of X-expresssion elements, -and needs to return a list of X-expression elements. - -The idiomatic Racket way to enforce requirements on input & output values is with a function contract. -For simplicity, I'm not using them here. -|# -(define (detect-list-items elems) - - ;; We need to do some defensive preprocessing here. - ;; Our list of elements could contain sequences like "\n" "\n" "\n" - ;; that should mean the same thing as "\n\n\n". - ;; So we combine adjacent newlines with `merge-newlines`. - (define elems-merged (merge-newlines elems)) - - ;; Then, a list item break is denoted by any element that matches three or more newlines. - (define (list-item-break? elem) - (define list-item-separator-pattern (regexp "\n\n\n+")) - - ;; Python people will object to the `(string? elem)` test below - ;; as a missed chance for "duck typing". - ;; You can do duck typing in Racket (see `with-handlers`) but it's not idiomatic. - ;; IMO this is wise. Duck typing is an anti-pattern: it substitutes an explicit, readable test - ;; for an implicit test ("I know if such-and-such isn't true, then a certain error will arise." - (and (string? elem) (regexp-match list-item-separator-pattern elem))) - - ;; `filter-split` will divide a list into sublists based on a certain test. - ;; the result will be a list of lists, each representing the contents of an 'li tag. - (define list-of-li-elems (filter-split elems-merged list-item-break?)) - - ;; We convert any paragraphs that are inside the list items. - (define list-of-li-paragraphs (map (λ(li) (detect-paragraphs li #:force? #t)) list-of-li-elems)) - - ;; Finally we wrap each of these lists of paragraphs in an 'li tag. - (define li-tag (make-default-tag-function 'li)) - (map (λ(lip) (apply li-tag lip)) list-of-li-paragraphs)) - -(module+ test - (check-equal? (detect-list-items '("foo" "\n" "bar")) ; linebreak, not list item break - '((li (p "foo" (br) "bar")))) - (check-equal? (detect-list-items '("foo" "\n" "\n" "bar")) ; paragraph break, not list item break - '((li (p "foo") (p "bar")))) - (check-equal? (detect-list-items '("foo" "\n" "\n" "\n" "bar")) ; list item break - '((li (p "foo")) (li (p "bar")))) - (check-equal? (detect-list-items '("foo" "\n\n\n" "bar")) ; list item break, concatenated - '((li (p "foo")) (li (p "bar")))) - (check-equal? (detect-list-items '("foo" "\n" "\n" "\n\n\n" "bar")) ; list item break - '((li (p "foo")) (li (p "bar"))))) - - -#| -`make-list-function`: helper function that makes other tag functions that make lists. - - (make-list-function 'list-tag-name) - (make-list-function 'list-tag-name '((attr-key "attr-value") ...)) - -In Racket you will often see functions that make other functions. -This is a good way to avoid making a bunch of functions that have small variations. - -One way to write this function is like so: - -(define (listifier . args) - (list* tag attrs (detect-list-items args))) -listifier - -That is, explicitly define a new function called `listifier` and then return that function. -That's the best way to do it in many programming languages. - -In Racket, it's not wrong, but you should feel comfortable -with the idea that any function can be equivalently expressed in lambda notation, -which is the more Rackety idiom. - -The code below has the same meaning, but without having to `define` an intermediate variable. -|# -(define (make-list-function tag [attrs empty]) - (λ args (list* tag attrs (detect-list-items args)))) - - -#| -Now we can define `bullet-list` and `numbered-list` using our helper function. -|# - -(define bullet-list (make-list-function 'ul)) -(define numbered-list (make-list-function 'ol)) - -(module+ test - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊bullet-list{foo} '(ul (li (p "foo")))) - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊numbered-list{foo} '(ol (li (p "foo"))))) - - -#| -`btw`: make the "By the Way" list at the bottom of many pages, -e.g. http://typographyforlawyers.com/what-is-typography.html - - ◊btw{text ...} - -Another example of using a tag function to handle fiddly HTML markup. -The `btw` tag expands to an HTML list, which we will then crack open and add a headline div. -|# -(define (btw . text-args) - (define btw-tag-function (make-list-function 'ul '((class "btw")))) - ;; Why is `apply` needed here? See the explanation for `buy-book-link` above. - (define btw-list (apply btw-tag-function text-args)) - (list* (get-tag btw-list) - (get-attrs btw-list) - '(div ((id "btw-title")) "by the way") - (get-elements btw-list))) - -(module+ test - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊btw{foo - - - bar} - '(ul ((class "btw")) - (div ((id "btw-title")) "by the way") - (li (p "foo")) - (li (p "bar"))))) - -#| -`xref`: create a styled cross-reference link, with optional destination argument. - - ◊xref{target} - ◊xref["url"]{target} - -For this tag function, we will assume that target is a single text argument, -because that's how it will be used. -But to be safe, we'll raise an arity error if we get too many arguments. -|# -(define xref - ;; What makes this function a little tricky is that the url argument is optional, - ;; but if it appears, it appears first. - ;; This is a good job for `case-lambda`, which lets you define separate branches for your function - ;; depending on the total number of arguments provided. - (case-lambda - - ;; one argument: must be a target. Note the Rackety recursive technique here: - ;; we'll create a second argument and then call `xref` again. - [(target) (xref (target->url target) target)] - - ;; two arguments: must be a url followed by a target. - [(url target) (apply attr-set* (link url target) 'class "xref" no-hyphens-attr)] - - ;; more than two arguments: raise an arity error. - [more-than-two-args (apply raise-arity-error 'xref (list 1 2) more-than-two-args)])) - - -(module+ test - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊xref{target} - `(a ((class "xref") (href "target.html") ,no-hyphens-attr) "target")) - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊xref["url"]{target} - `(a ((class "xref") (href "url") ,no-hyphens-attr) "target")) - (check-exn exn:fail:contract:arity? (λ _ (xref "url" "target" "spurious-third-argument")))) - - -#| -`target->url`: convert the target text of an xref into a url. - -This function depends on my commitment to name my source files in a logical, predictable way, -e.g., "Why Does Typography Matter?" becomes "why-does-typography-matter.html". -If you needed to associate targets with URLs arbitrarily, you could store the targets and URLs -in an association list or hashtable. - -I do it this way so that it's easy to add new pages and xrefs, without the extra housekeeping step -The name of the source file for a page is determined by its title. -|# -(define (target->url target) - (define nonbreaking-space (~a #\u00A0)) - (let* ([xn target] - [xn (string-trim xn "?")] ; delete a question mark at the end - [xn (string-downcase xn)] ; put string in all lowercase - [xn (regexp-replace* #rx"é" xn "e")] ; remove accented é - [xn (if (regexp-match #rx"^foreword" xn) "foreword" xn)] ; special rule for foreword - [xn (if (regexp-match #rx"^table of contents" xn) "toc" xn)] ; special rule for toc - [xn (string-replace xn nonbreaking-space "-")] ; replace nbsp with hyphen - [xn (string-replace xn " " "-")]) ; replace word space with hyphen - (format "~a.html" xn))) - -(module+ test - (check-equal? (target->url "foo?") "foo.html") - (check-equal? (target->url "FOO") "foo.html") - (check-equal? (target->url "foé") "foe.html") - (check-equal? (target->url "Foreword Lengthy Title") "foreword.html") - (check-equal? (target->url "Table of Contents and Other Nonsense") "toc.html") - (check-equal? (target->url "Nonbreaking Space and Spaces") "nonbreaking-space-and-spaces.html")) - -#| -`xref-font`: special version of `xref` for the fontrec directory -|# -(define (xref-font font-name) - (xref (format "fontrec/~a" (target->url font-name)) font-name)) - - -#| -`no-hyphens-attr`: an attribute we'll use to signal that some X-expression should not be hyphenated. -|# -(define no-hyphens-attr '(hyphens "none")) - -#| -`define-heading`: macro for defining a function that makes a heading. - -This could also be done with `make-default-tag-function`. And as a rule of thumb, it's wise to reserve -macros for the times you can't avoid using them. Otherwise, use a function. - -We'll bend that rule here because this is a quick & easy example macro. What makes it suitable to be -handled as a macro is that we want to use the name of the identifier (for instance 'topic') as an -argument to the function. Ordinarily we can't do that, but with a macro, we can. - -`define-syntax-rule` is the easiest macro form: essentially you're writing a code template -with arguments that will be filled in when you invoke the macro. -|# -(define-syntax-rule (define-heading heading-name tag) - ; first, heading-name is used as an identifier - (define heading-name - ; then it's used as a symbol that is converted to a string. - (make-default-tag-function tag #:class (symbol->string 'heading-name)))) - -(define-heading topic 'h3) -(define-heading subhead 'h3) -(define-heading font-headline 'h3) -(define-heading section 'h2) -(define-heading chapter 'h1) - -(module+ test - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊topic{foo} - '(h3 ((class "topic")) "foo")) - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊subhead{foo} - '(h3 ((class "subhead")) "foo")) - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊font-headline{foo} - '(h3 ((class "font-headline")) "foo")) - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊section{foo} - '(h2 ((class "section")) "foo")) - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊chapter{foo} - '(h1 ((class "chapter")) "foo"))) - -#| -`define-heading-from-metas`: macro for defining a function that makes a heading -by relying on data in the metas. - -This macro relies on `syntax-case` rather than `define-syntax-rule`. -It's a little more complicated, but also more flexible (and more idiomatic in Racket). -`define-syntax-rule` is actually a special simplified version of `syntax-case`. -The best advice on learning macros is to start with `syntax-case`, because you can't live without it. -Good tutorial: http://www.greghendershott.com/fear-of-macros/pattern-matching.html - -Otherwise this macro is similar to `define-heading`, except that we want to introduce a new identifier -based on the name given to the macro. So if we pass `topic` to the macro, it will define -an identifier called `topic-from-metas`. You can't do that with `define-syntax-rule`. - -For fun, I used Pollen notation inside the macro just to show you that it will work. - -|# -(define meta-key-for-page-title 'title) -(define-syntax (define-heading-from-metas stx) - (syntax-case stx () - [(_ heading-name) - (with-syntax ([heading-from-metas (format-id stx "~a-from-metas" #'heading-name)]) - #'(define (heading-from-metas metas) - ◊heading-name{◊(hash-ref metas meta-key-for-page-title)}))])) - -(define-heading-from-metas topic) -(define-heading-from-metas section) -(define-heading-from-metas chapter) - -(module+ test - (let ([my-fake-metas (hash 'title "Fake Title" 'white "noise")]) - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊topic-from-metas[my-fake-metas] - '(h3 ((class "topic")) "Fake Title")) - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊section-from-metas[my-fake-metas] - '(h2 ((class "section")) "Fake Title")) - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊chapter-from-metas[my-fake-metas] - '(h1 ((class "chapter")) "Fake Title")))) - -#| -`hanging-topic`: convert a topic + subhead into one HTML markup unit - - ◊hanging-topic["Topic name"]{One-line explanation} - -|# -(define (hanging-topic topic-xexpr . text-args) - (make-txexpr 'div (list '(class "hanging-topic") no-hyphens-attr) - (list topic-xexpr (list* 'p (list no-hyphens-attr) text-args)))) - -(module+ test - (check-txexprs-equal? ◊hanging-topic["Topic name"]{One-line explanation} - `(div ((class "hanging-topic") ,no-hyphens-attr) "Topic name" - (p (,no-hyphens-attr) "One-line explanation")))) - - -#| -`quick-table`: make little HTML tables with simplified notation - - ◊quick-table{heading left | heading center | heading right - upper left | upper center | upper right - lower left | lower center | lower right} - -In HTML, wrapping every paragraph in

    tags is a terrible and dull task. -But formatting tables is even worse. - -This function lets you make simple tables using "|" to signify columns, -and line breaks to signify rows. - -Let's uncork a few more whizzy Racket commands while we're at it. - -This function assumes that each row has the same number of columns. -You could improve it to fill in blank cells in rows that need them. - -|# - -(define (quick-table . text-args) - - ;; In Pollen, a multiline text-args block arrives as a list of lines and linebreak characters. - ;; (A situation we already encountered in `detect-list-items`.) - (define rows-of-text-cells - (let ([text-rows (filter-not whitespace? text-args)]) ; throw out the linebreak characters - ;; `for/list` is very handy: a `for` loop that gathers the results into a list. - ;; Think of it as a more flexible version of `map`. - (for/list ([text-row (in-list text-rows)]) - ;; the cells are delimited within a row by "|", so split on this char - (for/list ([text-cell (in-list (string-split text-row "|"))]) - (string-trim text-cell))))) ; trim remaining whitespace from cell text - - ;; Racket's `match` functions are very useful. - ;; Among other things, they can be used for Python-style data unpacking. - ;; The expression on the right will produce three tag functions; - ;; the `match-define` assigns them to three new identifiers. - (match-define (list tr-tag td-tag th-tag) (map make-default-tag-function '(tr td th))) - - ;; now we'll take our rows of text cells and apply cell-level HTML tags. - ;; the first row will get 'th tags; the other rows get 'td tags. - (define html-rows - ;; another use of `match`. Notice how this `cons` is used to separate a list into parts ... - (match-let ([(cons header-row other-rows) rows-of-text-cells]) - ;; ... whereas this `cons` is used to combine parts into a list - (cons (map th-tag header-row) - (for/list ([row (in-list other-rows)]) - (map td-tag row))))) - - ;; With the cells tagged up, add the row tags and finally the table tag. - ;; Notice that we use `apply` with `tr-tag` to unpack the list of cells in each html-row. - ;; Remember that `apply` does something very simple: - ;; Converts an expression of the form `(apply func (list arg1 arg2 ...))` - ;; Into `(func arg1 arg2 ...)` - (cons 'table (for/list ([html-row (in-list html-rows)]) - (apply tr-tag html-row)))) - -(module+ test - (check-txexprs-equal? - ◊(quick-table "heading-one | heading-two" "\n" - " three | four" "\n" - "five | six ") - '(table (tr (th "heading-one") (th "heading-two")) - (tr (td "three") (td "four")) - (tr (td "five") (td "six"))))) - -#| -`pdf-thumbnail-link`: create a thumbnail of a PDF that links to the PDF - -This function will only work properly if you have `sips` on your system -(command-line image-processing program, included with OS X). - -This shows how you can fold other kinds of project housekeeping into Pollen commands. -Here, the function generates the thumbnail it needs when the page is compiled. - -One disadvantage of this approach is that the thumbnail will *always* be generated on recompile, -though you could put in some logic to avoid this (e.g., check the modification date of the PDF). -In this case, `sips` is fast enough that it's not bothersome. - -|# -(define (pdf-thumbnail-link pdf-pathstring) - (define img-extension "gif") - (define img-pathstring (->string (add-ext (remove-ext pdf-pathstring) img-extension))) - (define sips-command - (format "sips -Z 2000 -s format ~a --out '~a' '~a' > /dev/null" - img-extension img-pathstring pdf-pathstring)) - ◊link[pdf-pathstring]{◊(if (system sips-command) - `(img ((src ,img-pathstring))) - ;; usually one would raise an error on the next line, - ;; but for instructional purposes, we'll have a graceful fail - "sips not available")}) - - -#| -A few convenience variants of `pdf-thumbnail-link` -|# -(define (pdf-thumbnail-link-from-metas metas) - (define-values (dir fn _) (split-path (add-ext (remove-ext* (hash-ref metas 'here-path)) "pdf"))) - (pdf-thumbnail-link (->string fn))) - -(define (before-and-after-pdfs base-name) - `(div - (div ((class "pdf-thumbnail")) - "before" (br) - ,(pdf-thumbnail-link (format "pdf/sample-doc-~a-before.pdf" base-name))) - (div ((class "pdf-thumbnail")) - "after" (br) - ,(pdf-thumbnail-link (format "pdf/sample-doc-~a-after.pdf" base-name))))) - -(define (alternate-after-pdf base-name) - `(div ((class "pdf-thumbnail")) - "after (alternate)" (br) - ,(pdf-thumbnail-link (format "pdf/sample-doc-~a-after-alternate.pdf" base-name)))) - - -#| -`root`: decode page content - -In a Pollen markup source, the output is a tagged X-expression that starts with `root`: - - (root (div ((class "headline")) "Page title") ...) - -Recall that every Pollen tag calls a function with the same name (if it exists, otherwise it just -becomes a tag). This is also true of `root`. - -`root` has slightly special status inasmuch as it is the top tag of the X-expression, -and thus the last tag function that will get called. Therefore, `root` is a good place to put any -processing that should happen once all the page content has been filled in. - -Often, you'll want to use a `decode` function, which can recursively perform different kinds of -processing on different types of page elements. - -|# -(define (root . elems) - ;; We will do the decoding in two steps. - ;; Detect paragraphs first so that they're treated as block-txexprs in next phase. - (define elements-with-paragraphs (decode-elements elems #:txexpr-elements-proc detect-paragraphs)) - ;; Then do the rest of the decoding normally. - (list* 'div '((id "doc")) - (decode-elements elements-with-paragraphs - #:block-txexpr-proc hyphenate-block - #:string-proc (compose1 make-quotes-hangable - fix-em-dashes - smart-quotes) - #:exclude-tags '(style script)))) - -#| -`hyphenate-block`: helper function for root decoder -|# -(define (hyphenate-block block-tx) - ;; The basic `hyphenate` function comes from the `hyphenate` module. - ;; We could attach `hyphenate` to our decoder as a string processor rather than block processor. - ;; But we want to be able to handle our "no-hyphens" flag (aka `no-hyphens-attr`). - ;; So we want to look at blocks, not strings. - (define (no-hyphens? tx) - (or (member (get-tag tx) '(th h1 h2 h3 h4 style script)) ; don't hyphenate these, no matter what - (member no-hyphens-attr (get-attrs tx)))) ; also don't hyphenate blocks with `no-hyphens-attr` - (hyphenate block-tx - #:min-left-length 3 - #:min-right-length 3 - #:omit-txexpr no-hyphens?)) - -(module+ test - (check-txexprs-equal? (hyphenate-block `(div "snowman" (span (,no-hyphens-attr) "snowman"))) - `(div "snow\u00ADman" (span (,no-hyphens-attr) "snowman")))) - -#| -`make-quotes-hangable`: perform tricky processing on quotation marks. - -Because I'm a typography snob I like to push quotation marks into the margin a little bit -when they appear at the left edge of a line (aka "hanging quotes"). - -This function just wraps left-hand quote marks in two little tags ("push" and "pull") -that I can then manipulate in CSS to get the effect. -|# -(define (make-quotes-hangable str) - ;; using `regexp-match*` with #:gap-select? makes it act like a funny kind of string splitter - (define substrs (regexp-match* #px"\\s?[“‘]" str #:gap-select? #t)) - (if (= (length substrs) 1) ; no submatches - (car substrs) - (cons 'quo (append-map (λ(str) - (let ([strlen (string-length str)]) - (if (> strlen 0) - (case (substring str (sub1 strlen) strlen) - [("‘") (list '(squo-push) `(squo-pull ,str))] - [("“") (list '(dquo-push) `(dquo-pull ,str))] - [else (list str)]) - (list str)))) substrs)))) - -(module+ test - (check-txexprs-equal? (make-quotes-hangable "“Who is it?”") - '(quo "" (dquo-push) (dquo-pull "“") "Who is it?”"))) - -#| -`fix-em-dashes`: helper function for root decoder - -When I type an em dash in my sources, I will often leave a space around it, -but I don't want spaces in the output, so this function removes them. -|# -(define (fix-em-dashes str) - ;; \u00A0 = nbsp, \u2009 = thinsp (neither included in \s) - (let* ([str (regexp-replace* #px"(?<=\\w)[\u00A0\u2009\\s]—" str "—")] - [str (regexp-replace* #px"—[\u00A0\u2009\\s](?=\\w)" str "—")]) - str)) - -(module+ test - (check-equal? (fix-em-dashes "Hey — you!") "Hey—you!") - (check-equal? (fix-em-dashes "Hey—you!") "Hey—you!")) - -#| - `capitalize-first-letter`: utility function for use in HTML templates. - |# -(define (capitalize-first-letter str) - (regexp-replace #rx"^." str string-upcase)) - -(module+ test - (check-equal? (capitalize-first-letter "foo dog") "Foo dog")) - - -#| - Miscellaneous tag functions. Obvious at this point what they do. - |# -(define omission (make-default-tag-function 'div #:class "omission")) - -(define mono (make-default-tag-function 'span #:class "mono")) - -(define font-details (make-default-tag-function 'div #:class "font-details")) - -(define mb-font-specimen - (make-default-tag-function 'div #:class "mb-font-specimen" #:contenteditable "true")) - -(define (margin-note . xs) - `(div ((class "margin-note") ,no-hyphens-attr) ,@xs)) - -(define os (make-default-tag-function 'span #:class "os")) - -(define (gap [size 1.5]) - `(div ((style ,(format "height: ~arem" size))))) - -(define (center . xs) - `(div ((style "text-align:center")) ,@xs)) - -(define (indented #:hyphenate [hyphenate #t] . xs) - `(p ((class "indented"),@(if (not hyphenate) (list no-hyphens-attr) null)) ,@xs)) - -(define caption-runin (make-default-tag-function 'span #:class "caption-runin")) - -(define caption (make-default-tag-function 'span #:class "caption")) - -(define (captioned name . xs) - `(table ((class "captioned indented")) - (tr (td ((style "text-align:left")) ,@xs) (td ,(caption name))))) \ No newline at end of file +#lang racket/base +(require "scribblings/pollen-rkt.scrbl") +(provide (all-from-out "scribblings/pollen-rkt.scrbl")) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/scribblings/mb.css b/scribblings/mb.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000..044b31f --- /dev/null +++ b/scribblings/mb.css @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +/* special styles for custom @fileblock function in mb-tools.rkt */ + +.noskip .refcolumn { + background: #998; + color: white; + padding-top: 0.6rem; +} + +.noskip .refcontent p { + font-size: 110%; + line-height: 1.4; +} + +.fileblock .SIntrapara { + margin: 0 0 0 0; +} + +.fileblock .SCodeFlow { + padding-top: 0.7em; + margin-top: 0; +} + +.fileblock { + width: 90%; +} + +.fileblock_filetitle{ + background: #eee; + text-align:right; + padding: 0.15em; + border: 1px dotted black; + border-bottom: none; +} + +.terminal .SIntrapara, .browser .SIntrapara { + margin: 0 0 0 0; +} + +.terminal, .browser { + margin-bottom: 1em; + padding: 0.5em; + width: 88%; + background: #fcfcfc; + color: #666; +} + +.foreign-code { + margin-bottom: 1em; + padding: 0.5em; + background: #fcfcfc; + color: #666; +} + diff --git a/scribblings/pollen-rkt.scrbl b/scribblings/pollen-rkt.scrbl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d825f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/scribblings/pollen-rkt.scrbl @@ -0,0 +1,962 @@ +#lang scribble/lp2 +@(require scribble/manual) +@(require (for-label racket txexpr sugar pollen/decode pollen/tag hyphenate rackunit) scribble/eval pollen/scribblings/mb-tools) +@(define my-eval (make-base-eval)) +@declare-exporting[pollen-tfl/pollen] +@(my-eval '(require txexpr sugar racket/list)) + +@title[#:style manual-doc-style]{@filepath{pollen.rkt}} + +@(define lang @racket[#, @hash-lang[]]) + + +We can write a @filepath{pollen.rkt} file in any @|lang|. Most commonly, you'll choose @|lang| @racketmodname[racket/base]. @|lang| @racketmodname[racket] is a tiny bit more convenient because it loads more libraries by default. But as a result, it can be slightly slower to load. So @racketmodname[racket/base] is the more virtuous habit. + +This particular @filepath{pollen.rkt}, however, is written in @|lang| @racketmodname[scribble/lp2], which is the literate-programming variant of Racket's Scribble documentation language (which is also the basis of Pollen). @|lang| @racketmodname[scribble/lp2] is like a text-based version of @|lang| @racketmodname[racket/base]. The ``literate programming'' angle is that we can mix documentation and source code in one file. Probably not the option you'd choose for your own project. But in this teaching project, it's the right tool for the job. + +In this documentation, chunks of source code look like this: + +@chunk[ + (define (racket-source-code ...) ...)] + +There's nothing special about the chunk name — it's just a label that @|lang| @racketmodname[scribble/lp2] will use to snap the code together @seclink["Finally"]{at the end}. The result is that if you @racket[require] this file normally, you'll get the usual functions and values; but if you run it with Scribble, it turns into the documentation you see here. + +Aside from that wrinkle, all the code shown here is standard @racketmodname[racket/base], and can be copied & adapted for your own @filepath{pollen.rkt} files written in @|lang| @racketmodname[racket/base] (or @|lang| @racketmodname[racket]). + +@section{What is @filepath{pollen.rkt} for?} + +The @filepath{pollen.rkt} source file is the main source of functions and values for the source files in a Pollen project. Everything provided from a @filepath{pollen.rkt} is automatically available to @|lang| @racketmodname[pollen] source files in the +same directory or subdirectories (unless superseded by another @filepath{pollen.rkt} within a subdirectory). + +For more, see @secref["Using_the__pollen_rkt__file" + #:tag-prefixes '("tutorial-3") + #:doc '(lib "pollen/scribblings/pollen.scrbl")] in the main Pollen docs. + + +@section{Imports} + +Though @racket[require] declarations can live anywhere at the top layer of a source file, it's typical to consolidate them at the top. + +If we were using @|lang| @racketmodname[racket], these next libraries would already be imported. But we aren't, so they're not. + +@chunk[ + (require + (for-syntax racket/base racket/syntax) ; enables macros + racket/list + racket/format + racket/string + racket/function + racket/contract + racket/match + racket/system)] + +Other libraries we'll be using. @racketmodname[sugar] and @racketmodname[txexpr] are utility libraries installed with Pollen. @racketmodname[hyphenate] is separate, but can be installed easily: + +@terminal{> raco pkg install hyphenate} + +@filepath{pricing-table.rkt} is another custom Racket file for this project. It's up to you whether you store all your functions and definitions in @filepath{pollen.rkt}, or spread them over different source files. Regardless of where you store them, @filepath{pollen.rkt} remains the central gathering point for everything you want to propagate to the @|lang| @racketmodname[pollen] source files in your project. + +@margin-note{If you end up making reusable functions, you can share them between Pollen projects (and with other Racket users, if you want) by moving them into a @italic{package}. For more, see @secref["how-to-create" #:doc '(lib "pkg/scribblings/pkg.scrbl")].} + +@chunk[ + (require + pollen/decode + pollen/tag + sugar + txexpr + hyphenate + "../pricing-table.rkt")] + + +@section{Exports} + +Note that @racket[all-defined-out] would only export the definitions that are created in this file. To make +imported definitions available too, we need to re-export them explicitly with @racket[all-from-out]. + +@chunk[ + (provide (all-defined-out) (all-from-out "../pricing-table.rkt")) + ] + + + + +@section{Definitions} + +@subsection{Values} + +Definitions in a @filepath{pollen.rkt} can be functions or values. Because they get propagated to other Pollen source files, they're almost like global definitions. As usual with global definitions, you should use them when you need them, but it's still wise to localize things within specific directories or source files when you can. Otherwise the main @filepath{pollen.rkt} can get to be unwieldy. + +@racket[content-rule-color] is a CSS value. + +@racket[buy-url] is the master URL for buying the TFL paperback. In general, it's wise to store hard-coded values like these in a variable so that you can change the value from one location later if you need to. + +@racket[no-hyphens-attr] is an X-expression attribute we'll use to signal that a certain X-expression should not be hyphenated. The need for this will be explained later. + +@CHUNK[ + (define content-rule-color "#444") ; for CSS classes + (define buy-url "http://typo.la/oc") ; link to buy the Typography for Lawyers paperback + (define no-hyphens-attr '(hyphens "none")) + ] + + +@subsection{Tag functions} + + + +@subsubsection{Making tagged X-expressions (txexprs)} + +In a @filepath{pollen.rkt} you'll be making a lot of tagged X-expressions (txexprs for short). A txexpr is just a Racket list, so you can make txexprs with any of Racket's list-making functions — which are plentiful. Which one you use depends on what fits most naturally with the current task. + +@margin-note{@secref["X-expressions" #:doc '(lib "pollen/scribblings/pollen.scrbl")] are introduced in the Pollen docs.} + + +Let's run through a few of them, so they start to become familiar. Suppose we want to generate the txexpr '(div ((class "big")) "text"). Here are some ways to do it. + +@subsection{@tt{txexpr}} + +A utility function from the @racket[txexpr] module. We used it in the @racket[link] function above. The major advantage of @racket[txexpr] is that it will raise an error if your arguments are invalid types for a tagged X-expression. + +@(define-syntax-rule (eg xs ...) + (examples #:eval my-eval xs ...)) + +@eg[(txexpr 'div '((class "big")) '("text")) + (txexpr 42 '((class "big")) '("text")) + (txexpr 'div 'invalid-input "text") + (txexpr 'div '((class "big")) 'invalid-input)] + + +The second and third arguments to @racket[txexpr] are lists, so you can use any list notation. If your txexpr doesn't have attributes, you pass @racket[empty] or @racket[null] for the second argument. + +@eg[(txexpr 'div (list '(class "big")) (list "text"))] + +@margin-note{Because @racket[txexpr] is designed to check its arguments for correctness, it insists on getting an explicit argument for the attributes, even if @racket[empty]. When you're using generic list-making functions (see below) to create txexprs, you can omit the attribute list if it's empty.} + +@subsection{@tt{list} and @tt{list*}} + +@racket[list*] is particularly useful for making txexprs, because it automatically splices the last argument. + +@eg[(list 'div '((class "big")) "text") + (list* 'div '((class "big")) '("text"))] + +Unlike @racket[txexpr], however, @racket[list] and @racket[list*] will happily let you create invalid txexprs. + +@eg[(define not-a-tx (list* 42 '((class "big")) "text")) + (txexpr? not-a-tx)] + +This isn't necessarily a bad thing. When a txexpr needs to pass through multiple layers of processing, it can be useful to create intermediate results that are txexpr-ish, and simplify them at the end. + +@subsection{@tt{cons}} + +All lists are ultimately made of @racket[cons] cells. So you can make txexprs with @racket[cons] too, though it's more cumbersome than the other methods. In most cases, @racket[list*] is clearer & more flexible, because @racket[cons] can only take two arguments, whereas @racket[list*] can take any number. + +@eg[(cons 'div (cons '((class "big")) (cons "text" empty))) + (cons 'div (list '((class "big")) "text"))] + +@subsection{@tt{quasiquote}} + +As the name suggests, @racket[quasiquote] works like @racket[quote], but lets you @racket[unquote] variables within. Quasiquote notation is pleasingly compact for simple cases. But it can be unruly for complex ones. +The unquote operator (@litchar{,}) puts a variable's value into the list. +The unquote splicing operator (@litchar{,@"@"}) does the same thing, but if the variable holds a list of items, it merges those items into the list (i.e., does not leave them as a sublist). + +Below, we unquote @racket[attrs] because we want them to remain a sublist. But we splice @racket[elements] because we want them to be merged with the main list. + +@eg[(let ([tag 'div] + [attrs '((class "big"))] + [elements '("text")]) + `(,tag ,attrs ,@elements))] + + +@subsection{Functions} + +@defproc[ + (link + [url string?] + [#:class css-class (or/c #f string?) #f] + [tx-element xexpr?] ...) + txexpr?] +Make a hyperlink. + +In Pollen notation, we'll invoke the tag function like so: + +@terminal{ + ◊link[url]{text of link} + ◊link[url #:class "name"]{text of link}} + +This will become, in Racket notation: + +@terminal{ + (link url "text of link") + (link url #:class "name" "text of link")} + +@margin-note{Getting a feel for the duality of Pollen & Racket notation is a necessary part of the learning curve. If it seems like an annoying complication, consider that the two styles are optimized for different contexts: Pollen notation is for embedding commands in text, and Racket notation is for writing code. The fact that the two are interchangeable is what guarantees that everything that can be done in Racket can also be done in Pollen.} + + +The result of our tag function will be a tagged X-expression that looks like this: + +@terminal{ + '(a ((href "url")) "text to link") + '(a ((href "url")(class "name")) "text to link")} + + +The definition of @racket[link] follows the arguments above. + +@racket[_url] is a mandatory argument. + +@racket[_css-class] is a keyword argument (= must be introduced with @racket[#:class]) and also optional (if it's not provided, it will default to @racket[#f]). + +@racket[_tx-elements] is an optional argument that represents the text (or other content) that gets linked. If we don't have anything to link, use @racket[_url] as the link text too. + +@racket[_tx-elements] is a @seclink["contracts-rest-args" #:doc '(lib "scribblings/guide/guide.scrbl")]{@italic{rest argument}}, as in ``put the rest of the arguments here.'' Most definitions of +tag functions should end with a rest argument. Why? Because in Pollen notation, the @tt{{text ...}} +in @tt{◊func[arg]{text ...}} can return any number of arguments. Maybe one (e.g., if @tt{{text ...}} is a word) +or maybe more (e.g, if @tt{{text ...}} is a multiline block). + +If you don't use a rest argument, and pass multiple text arguments to your tag function, you'll get an error (namely an ``arity error,'' which means the function got more arguments than it expected). + +@margin-note{@racket[let*] is the idiomatic Racket way to do what looks like mutation. Though you're not really mutating the variable — you're creating copies, all of which have the same name. For true mutation, you could also use @racket[set!] — not wrong, but not idiomatic.} + +@chunk[ + (define (link url #:class [class-name #f] . tx-elements) + (let* ([tx-elements (if (empty? tx-elements) + (list url) + tx-elements)] + [link-tx (txexpr 'a empty tx-elements)] + [link-tx (attr-set link-tx 'href url)]) + (if class-name + (attr-set link-tx 'class class-name) + link-tx)))] + + + +The next three tag functions are just convenience variations of @racket[link]. But they involve some crafty (and necessary) uses of @racket[apply]. + +@deftogether[( + @defproc[ + (buy-book-link + [tx-element xexpr?] ...) + txexpr?] + @defproc[ + (buylink + [url string?] + [tx-element xexpr?] ...) + txexpr?] + @defproc[ + (home-link + [url string?] + [tx-element xexpr?] ...) + txexpr?])] +Make a link with a particular URL. The link resulting from @racket[buylink] is styled with the @tt{buylink} class, and the one from @racket[home-link] is styled with the @tt{home-link} class. + +Notice that we have to use @racket[apply] to correctly pass our @racket[tx-elements] rest argument to @racket[link]. +Why? Because @racket[link] expects its text arguments to look like this: + +@terminal{(link url arg-1 arg-2 ...)} + +Not like this: + +@terminal{(link url (list arg-1 arg-2 ...))} + +But that's what will happen if we just do @racket[(link tx-elements)], and @racket[link] will complain. (Try it!) + +The role of @racket[apply] is to take a list of arguments and append them to the end of the function call, so + +@terminal{(apply link url (list arg-1 arg-2 ...))} + +Is equivalent to: + +@terminal{(link url arg-1 arg-2 ...)} + +The difference here is that we're not providing a specific URL. Rather, we want to pass through whatever URL we get from the Pollen source. So we add a @racket[_url] argument. + + +@chunk[ + (define (buy-book-link . tx-elements) + (apply link buy-url tx-elements)) + + (define (buylink url . tx-elements) + (apply link url #:class "buylink" tx-elements)) + + (define (home-link url . tx-elements) + (apply link url #:class "home-link" tx-elements))] + + +@defproc[ + (image + [image-path path-string?] + [#:width width string? "100%"] + [#:border border? boolean? #t]) + txexpr?] +Make an image tag. We proceed as we did with @racket[link]. But in this case, we don't need a rest argument because this tag function doesn't accept text arguments. + +``Right, but shouldn't we use a rest argument just in case?'' It depends on how you like errors to be handled. You could capture the text arguments with a rest argument and then just silently dispose of them. But this might be mysterious to the person editing the Pollen source (whether you or someone else). "Where did my text go?" + +Whereas if we omit the rest argument, and try to pass text arguments anyhow, @racket[image] will immediately raise an error, letting us know that we're misusing it. + +@chunk[ + (define (image src #:width [width "100%"] #:border [border? #t]) + (define img-tag (attr-set* '(img) 'style (format "width: ~a" width) + 'src (build-path "images" src))) + (if border? + (attr-set img-tag 'class "bordered") + img-tag))] + + +@defproc[ + (div-scale + [factor (or/c string? number?)] + [tx-element xexpr?] ...) + txexpr?] +Wrap tag in a @racket['div] with a scaling factor. Keep in mind that with X-expressions, numbers like @racket[2048] are not interchangeable with strings like @racket["2048"]. Moreover, all values inside attributes have to be strings. So if an argument will be used as an attribute value, it's wise to explicitly convert it to a strings explicitly. This has the side benefit of allowing the function to accept either a string or number for @racket[_factor]. + +@chunk[ + (define (div-scale factor . tx-elements) + (define base (txexpr 'div null tx-elements)) + (attr-set base 'style (format "width: ~a" factor)))] + + +@defproc[ + (font-scale + [ratio (or/c string? number?)] + [tx-element xexpr?] ...) + txexpr?] +Like @racket[div-scale] — wrap tag in a @racket['span] with a relative font-scaling factor. + +@chunk[ + (define (font-scale ratio . tx-elements) + (define base (txexpr 'span null tx-elements)) + (attr-set base 'style (format "font-size: ~aem" ratio)))] + + +@defproc[ + (home-image + [image-path path-string?]) + txexpr?] +Make an image with class @tt{home-image}. + +@chunk[ + (define (home-image image-path) + (attr-set (image image-path) 'class "home-image"))] + +@defproc[ + (home-overlay + [image-name path-string?] + [tx-element xexpr?] ...) + txexpr?] +Create nested divs where the text sits atop a background image. +This is an example of how fiddly HTML chores can be encapsulated / hidden inside a tag function. +This makes your source files tidier. +It also makes it possible to change the fiddly HTML markup from one central location. + +@chunk[ + (define (home-overlay img-path . tx-elements) + `(div ((class "home-overlay") + (style ,(format "background-image: url('~a')" img-path))) + (div ((class "home-overlay-inner")) ,@tx-elements)))] + +@defproc[ + (glyph + [text string?]) + txexpr?] +Create a span with the class @tt{glyph}. + +Here, we'll use @racket[make-default-tag-function], which is an easy way to make a simple tag function. Any keywords passed in will be propagated to every use of the tag function. + +@chunk[ + (define glyph (make-default-tag-function 'span #:class "glyph"))] + + +@defproc[ + (image-wrapped + [image-path path-string?]) + txexpr?] +Like @racket[image], but with some extra attributes. + +@chunk[ + (define (image-wrapped img-path) + (attr-set* (image img-path) + 'class "icon" + 'style "width: 120px;" + 'align "left"))] + +@defproc[ + (detect-list-items + [elems (listof txexpr?)]) + (listof txexpr?)] +Helper function for other tag functions that make HTML lists. + +The idea is to interpret a sequence of three (or more) linebreaks +in the text as a list-item delimiter (i.e., drop in a @tt{

  • } tag). +Why three linebreaks? Because later on, we'll use one linebreak to denote a new line, and two linebreaks to denote a new paragraph. + +This function will be used within a @racket[decode] function (more on that below) in a position where it will be passed a list of X-expresssion elements, so it also needs to return a list of X-expression elements. + +@margin-note{The idiomatic Racket way to enforce requirements on input & output values is with a @seclink["function-contracts" + #:doc '(lib "scribblings/reference/reference.scrbl")]{@italic{function contract}}. For simplicity, I'm not using them here, but they are another virtuous habit .} + +Our list of elements could contain sequences like @racket['("\n" "\n" "\n")], which should mean the same thing as @racket["\n\n\n"]. So first, we'll combine adjacent newlines with @racket[merge-newlines]. + +@racket[filter-split] will divide a list into sublists based on a test for the list-item delimiter. The result will be a list of lists, each representing the contents of an @racket['li] tag. We'll convert any paragraphs that are inside the list items. Finally we'll wrap each of these lists of paragraphs in an @racket['li] tag. + +@chunk[ + (define (detect-list-items elems) + (define elems-merged (merge-newlines elems)) + (define (list-item-break? elem) + (define list-item-separator-pattern (regexp "\n\n\n+")) + (and (string? elem) (regexp-match list-item-separator-pattern elem))) + (define list-of-li-elems (filter-split elems-merged list-item-break?)) + (define list-of-li-paragraphs + (map (λ(li) (detect-paragraphs li #:force? #t)) list-of-li-elems)) + (define li-tag (make-default-tag-function 'li)) + (map (λ(lip) (apply li-tag lip)) list-of-li-paragraphs))] + +@margin-note{Explicit type checking — e.g., @racket[(string? elem)] — is common in Racket. You can do ``duck typing'' (see @racket[with-handlers]) but it's not idiomatic. IMO this is wise — better to have an explicit, readable test (likse @racket[string?]) rather than an implicit, indirect one (``If the input isn't a @racket[string?], then a certain error will arise.'')} + + +Because of the expression-based structure of Racket, it's often possible to write functions in an absurdly nested style. For instance, the last function could be written like so: + +@chunk[ + (define (detect-list-items elems) + (map (compose1 (curry apply (make-default-tag-function 'li)) + (curryr detect-paragraphs #:force? #t)) + (filter-split (merge-newlines elems) + (λ(x) (and (string? x) + (regexp-match #rx"\n\n\n+" x))))))] + + +This is a good way to lose your friends, and then your mind. You may not care to spell everything out the way I've been doing in this sample project. But readability is a virtuous habit. + + +@defproc[ + (make-list-function + [tag txexpr-tag?] + [attrs empty (listof txexpr-attrs?)]) + procedure?] +Helper function that makes other tag functions that make lists. + +In Racket you'll often see functions that make other functions. (These are sometimes called @seclink["Additional_Higher-Order_Functions" + #:doc '(lib "scribblings/reference/reference.scrbl")]{@italic{higher-order functions}}.) This is a good way to avoid making a bunch of functions that have small variations. + +One way to write this function is like so: + +@racketblock[ + (define (make-list-function tag [attrs empty]) + (define (listifier . args) + (list* tag attrs (detect-list-items args)) + listifier))] + +That is, explicitly define a new function called @racket[listifier] and then return that function. That's the best way to do it in many programming languages. + +In Racket, it's wouldn't be wrong. But you should feel comfortable +with the idea that any function can be equivalently expressed in @racket[lambda] notation, which is the more idiomatic form. + +@chunk[ + (define (make-list-function tag [attrs empty]) + (λ args (list* tag attrs (detect-list-items args))))] + +@deftogether[( + @defproc[ + (bullet-list + [tx-element txexpr?] ...) + txexpr] + @defproc[ + (numbered-list + [tx-element txexpr?] ...) + txexpr])] +These can now be easily defined using the @racket[make-list-function] helper. + +@chunk[ + (define bullet-list (make-list-function 'ul))] + +@chunk[ + (define numbered-list (make-list-function 'ol))] + + +@defproc[ + (btw + [tx-element txexpr?] ...) + txexpr] +Make the ``By the Way'' list that appears at the bottom of many pages, @link["http://typographyforlawyers.com/what-is-typography.html"]{like this one}. + +Another example of using a tag function to handle fiddly HTML markup. +The @racket[btw] tag expands to an HTML list. We will then crack this open and slip in a @racket[div] for the headline. + +@chunk[ + (define (btw . tx-elements) + (define btw-tag-function (make-list-function 'ul '((class "btw")))) + (define btw-list (apply btw-tag-function tx-elements)) + (list* (get-tag btw-list) + (get-attrs btw-list) + '(div ((id "btw-title")) "by the way") + (get-elements btw-list)))] + +@defproc*[( + [(xref + [target string?]) + txexpr?] + [(xref + [url string?] + [target string?]) + txexpr?] + )] +Create a styled cross-reference link, with optional destination argument, so it can be used two ways: + +@terminal{ + ◊xref{target} + ◊xref["url"]{target}} + +For this tag function, we'll assume that @racket[_target] is a single text argument, because that's how it will be used. But to be safe, we'll raise an error if we get too many arguments. + +What makes this function a little tricky is that @racket[_url] is optional, but if it appears, it appears first. That makes this a good job for @racket[case-lambda], which lets you define separate branches for your function depending on the number of arguments provided. + +In the one-argument case, rather than duplicate the line of code in the two-argument case, we call the function again with a second argument. + +@chunk[ + (define xref + (case-lambda + [(target) + (xref (target->url target) target)] + [(url target) + (apply attr-set* (link url target) 'class "xref" no-hyphens-attr)] + [more-than-two-args + (apply raise-arity-error 'xref (list 1 2) more-than-two-args)]))] + + +@defproc[ + (target->url + [target string?]) + string?] +Convert the target text of an @racket[xref] into a url. + +This function depends on a personal commitment to name source files in a logical, predictable way, e.g., ``Why Does Typography Matter?'' becomes @tt{why-does-typography-matter.html}. This way, the name of the source file for a page can be derived from its title. + +If you needed to associate targets with URLs arbitrarily, you could store the targets and URLs in an association list or hashtable. But I prefer this approach, because it's easy to add new pages and cross-references, without the extra housekeeping step. + + +@chunk[url> + (define (target->url target) + (define nonbreaking-space (~a #\u00A0)) + (let* ([x target] + [x (string-trim x "?")] ; delete a question mark at the end + [x (string-downcase x)] ; put string in all lowercase + [x (regexp-replace* #rx"é" x "e")] ; remove accented é + [x (if (regexp-match #rx"^foreword" x) "foreword" x)] ; special rule for foreword + [x (if (regexp-match #rx"^table of contents" x) "toc" x)] ; special rule for toc + [x (string-replace x nonbreaking-space "-")] ; replace nbsp with hyphen + [x (string-replace x " " "-")]) ; replace word space with hyphen + (format "~a.html" x)))] + + +@defproc[ + (xref-font + [font-name string?]) + txexpr?] +Special version of @racket[xref] for the @filepath{fontrec} subdirectory. + +@chunk[ + (define (xref-font font-name) + (xref (format "fontrec/~a" (target->url font-name)) font-name))] + + +@defform[(define-heading heading-name tag-name)] +Macro for defining a function that makes a heading. + +This could also be done with @racket[make-default-tag-function]. And as a rule of thumb, it's wise to reserve +macros for the times you can't avoid using them. Otherwise, use a function. + +We'll bend that rule here because this is a quick & easy example macro. What makes it suitable to be +handled as a macro is that we want to use the name of the identifier (for instance @racket[topic]) as an +argument to the function. With a function, we can't do that. But with a macro, we can. + +@racket[define-syntax-rule] is the easiest macro form: essentially you're writing a code template with arguments that will be filled in when you invoke the macro. Notice how @racket[heading-name] appears in two roles: first as an identifier name, and then as a literal symbol. + +@chunk[ + (define-syntax-rule (define-heading heading-name tag) + (define heading-name + (make-default-tag-function tag + #:class (symbol->string 'heading-name))))] + +``Wait, why does @racket['heading-name] not produce the literal symbol @racket['heading-name]?'' The @racket['heading-name] syntax is just shorthand for @tt{(quote heading-name)}. Because this is a macro, the @racket[heading-name] inside this expression gets replaced with the value of the macro argument @racket[heading-name] before @racket[quote] is evaluated. + + +@deftogether[( + @defproc[ + (topic + [tx-element xexpr?] ...) + txexpr?] + @defproc[ + (subhead + [tx-element xexpr?] ...) + txexpr?] + @defproc[ + (font-headline + [tx-element xexpr?] ...) + txexpr?] + @defproc[ + (section + [tx-element xexpr?] ...) + txexpr?] + @defproc[ + (chapter + [tx-element xexpr?] ...) + txexpr?])] +Make a heading with a certain tag, using the @racket[define-heading] macro. + +@chunk[ + (define-heading topic 'h3) + (define-heading subhead 'h3) + (define-heading font-headline 'h3) + (define-heading section 'h2) + (define-heading chapter 'h1)] + +@defform[(define-heading-from-metas heading-name)] +Macro for defining a function that makes a heading by pulling the page title out of the metas. + +This macro relies on @racket[syntax-case] rather than @racket[define-syntax-rule]. It's a little more complicated, but also more flexible (and more idiomatic in Racket). @racket[define-syntax-rule] is actually a special-case version of @racket[syntax-case]. The best advice on learning macros is to start with @racket[syntax-case], because you can't live without it. + +@margin-note{Greg Hendershott's @link["http://www.greghendershott.com/fear-of-macros/pattern-matching.html"]{Fear of Macros} is a great place to start if you're new to Racket macros.} + +Otherwise this macro is similar to @racket[define-heading], except that we want to introduce a new identifier +with a different name, but based on the argument given to the macro. So if we pass @racket[topic] to the macro, it will define +an identifier called @racket[topic-from-metas]. You can't do that with @racket[define-syntax-rule]. + +@chunk[ + (define meta-key-for-page-title 'title) + (define-syntax (define-heading-from-metas stx) + (syntax-case stx () + [(_ heading-name) + (with-syntax ([heading-from-metas + (format-id stx "~a-from-metas" #'heading-name)]) + #'(define (heading-from-metas metas) + (heading-name (hash-ref metas meta-key-for-page-title))))]))] + + +@deftogether[( + @defproc[ + (topic-from-metas [metas hash?]) + txexpr?] + @defproc[ + (section-from-metas [metas hash?]) + txexpr?] + @defproc[ + (chapter-from-metas [metas hash?]) + txexpr?])] + +@chunk[ + (define-heading-from-metas topic) + (define-heading-from-metas section) + (define-heading-from-metas chapter)] + +@defproc[ + (hanging-topic + [topic-xexpr xexpr?] + [tx-element xexpr?] ...) + txexpr?] +Convert a topic + subhead into one HTML markup unit. Notice the use of @racket[no-hyphens-attr], which we defined in the @secref["Values"] section. + +@chunk[ + (define (hanging-topic topic-xexpr . tx-elements) + (txexpr 'div (list '(class "hanging-topic") no-hyphens-attr) + (list topic-xexpr (list* 'p (list no-hyphens-attr) tx-elements))))] + +@defproc[ + (quick-table + [table-rows xexpr?] ...) + txexpr?] +Make an HTML table using simplified notation. In HTML, wrapping every paragraph in

    tags is a terrible and dull task. But formatting tables is even worse. This function lets you make simple tables using @litchar{|} to signify columns, and line breaks to signify rows. + +@terminal{ + ◊quick-table{ + heading left | heading center | heading right + upper left | upper center | upper right + lower left | lower center | lower right}} + +This function assumes that each row has the same number of columns. You could improve it to fill in blank cells in rows that need them. + +The idea is to break down the input into table headings and cells, and then work back up, wrapping each layer in the appropriate tags. + +@chunk[ + (define (quick-table . tx-elements) + (define rows-of-text-cells + (let ([text-rows (filter-not whitespace? tx-elements)]) + (for/list ([text-row (in-list text-rows)]) + (for/list ([text-cell (in-list (string-split text-row "|"))]) + (string-trim text-cell))))) + + (match-define (list tr-tag td-tag th-tag) (map make-default-tag-function '(tr td th))) + + (define html-rows + (match-let ([(cons header-row other-rows) rows-of-text-cells]) + (cons (map th-tag header-row) + (for/list ([row (in-list other-rows)]) + (map td-tag row))))) + + (cons 'table (for/list ([html-row (in-list html-rows)]) + (apply tr-tag html-row))))] + +@defproc[ + (pdf-thumbnail + [pdf-path path-string?]) + txexpr?] +Create a thumbnail of a PDF that links to the PDF. + +This function will only work properly if you have @tt{sips} on your system (= command-line image-processing program, included with OS X). + +This shows how you can fold other kinds of project housekeeping into Pollen commands. Here, the function generates the thumbnail it needs when the page is compiled. + +One disadvantage of this approach is that the thumbnail will always be generated on recompile, though you could put in some logic to avoid this (e.g., check the modification date of the PDF). In this case, @tt{sips} is fast enough that it's not bothersome. + +@chunk[ + (define (pdf-thumbnail-link pdf-pathstring) + (define img-extension "gif") + (define img-pathstring + (->string (add-ext (remove-ext pdf-pathstring) img-extension))) + (define sips-command + (format "sips -Z 2000 -s format ~a --out '~a' '~a' > /dev/null" + img-extension img-pathstring pdf-pathstring)) + (link pdf-pathstring (if (system sips-command) + `(img ((src ,img-pathstring))) + "sips not available")))] + +@deftogether[( + @defproc[ + (pdf-thumbnail-link-from-metas + [metas hash?]) + txexpr?] + @defproc[ + (before-and-after-pdfs + [base-name string?]) + txexpr?] + @defproc[ + (alternate-after-pdf + [base-name string?]) + txexpr?] + )] +A few convenience variants of @racket[pdf-thumbnail-link]. + +@chunk[ + (define (pdf-thumbnail-link-from-metas metas) + (define-values (dir fn _) + (split-path (add-ext (remove-ext* (hash-ref metas 'here-path)) "pdf"))) + (pdf-thumbnail-link (->string fn))) + + (define (before-and-after-pdfs base-name) + `(div + (div ((class "pdf-thumbnail")) + "before" (br) + ,(pdf-thumbnail-link + (format "pdf/sample-doc-~a-before.pdf" base-name))) + (div ((class "pdf-thumbnail")) + "after" (br) + ,(pdf-thumbnail-link + (format "pdf/sample-doc-~a-after.pdf" base-name))))) + + (define (alternate-after-pdf base-name) + `(div ((class "pdf-thumbnail")) + "after (alternate)" + (br) + ,(pdf-thumbnail-link + (format "pdf/sample-doc-~a-after-alternate.pdf" base-name))))] + +@defproc[ + (root + [tx-element txexpr?] ...) + txexpr?] +Decode page content. + +In a @seclink["Writing_with_Pollen_markup" + #:doc '(lib "pollen/scribblings/pollen.scrbl")]{Pollen markup} source, the output is a tagged X-expression that starts with @racket[root]: + +@terminal{(root (div ((class "headline")) "Page title") ...)} + +Recall that every Pollen tag calls a function with the same name (if it exists, otherwise it just becomes a tag). This is also true of @racket[root]. + +@racket[root] has slightly special status inasmuch as it is the top tag of the X-expression, and thus the last tag function that will get called. Therefore, @racket[root] is a good place to put any processing that should happen once all the page content has been filled in. + +Often, you'll want to use a @racket[decode] or @racket[decode-elements] function, which can recursively perform different kinds of processing on different types of page elements. + +In this case, we'll use @racket[decode-elements] twice. First, we'll use it just to detect paragraphs. We'll do this so that they're treated as @seclink["Block" #:doc '(lib "pollen/scribblings/pollen.scrbl")]{blocks} in the second phase, which does the rest of the processing. + +@chunk[ + (define (root . elems) + (define elements-with-paragraphs + (decode-elements elems #:txexpr-elements-proc detect-paragraphs)) + (list* 'div '((id "doc")) + (decode-elements elements-with-paragraphs + #:block-txexpr-proc hyphenate-block + #:string-proc (compose1 make-quotes-hangable + fix-em-dashes + smart-quotes) + #:exclude-tags '(style script))))] + +@defproc[ + (hyphenate-block + [block-tx txexpr?]) + txexpr?] +Helper function for @racket[root] decoder that handles hyphenation. + +The basic @racket[hyphenate] function comes from the @racketmodname[hyphenate] module. We could attach @racket[hyphenate] to our @racket[root] decoder as a string processor rather than block processor. But we want to be able to handle our no-hyphens flag (aka @racket[no-hyphens-attr]), which is stored in the attributes of the X-expression. Therefore, we have to look at blocks, not just strings. + +@chunk[ + (define (hyphenate-block block-tx) + (define (no-hyphens? tx) + (or (member (get-tag tx) '(th h1 h2 h3 h4 style script)) ; don't hyphenate these, no matter what + (member no-hyphens-attr (get-attrs tx)))) ; also don't hyphenate blocks with @racket[no-hyphens-attr] + (hyphenate block-tx + #:min-left-length 3 + #:min-right-length 3 + #:omit-txexpr no-hyphens?))] + +@defproc[ + (make-quotes-hangable + [str string?]) + txexpr?] +Perform tricky processing on quotation marks. + +Because I'm a typography snob I like to push quotation marks into the margin a little bit when they appear at the left edge of a line (aka hanging quotes). This function just wraps left-hand quote marks in two little tags (@tt{push} and @tt{pull}) that I can then manipulate in CSS to get the effect. + +@chunk[ + (define (make-quotes-hangable str) + (define substrs (regexp-match* #px"\\s?[“‘]" str #:gap-select? #t)) + (if (= (length substrs) 1) ; no submatches + (car substrs) + (cons 'quo (append-map (λ(str) + (let ([strlen (string-length str)]) + (if (> strlen 0) + (case (substring str (sub1 strlen) strlen) + [("‘") (list '(squo-push) `(squo-pull ,str))] + [("“") (list '(dquo-push) `(dquo-pull ,str))] + [else (list str)]) + (list str)))) substrs))))] + +@defproc[ + (fix-em-dashes + [str string?]) + txexpr?] +Helper function for @racket[root] decoder. + +When I type an em dash in my sources, I will often leave a space around it, but I don't want spaces in the output, so this function removes them. + +@chunk[ + (define (fix-em-dashes str) + (let* ([str (regexp-replace* #px"(?<=\\w)[\u00A0\u2009\\s]—" str "—")] + [str (regexp-replace* #px"—[\u00A0\u2009\\s](?=\\w)" str "—")]) + str))] + + +@subsubsection{Miscellaneous tag functions} + +Presented without docs or comment, as it should be obvious at this point what they do. + +@chunk[ + (define omission (make-default-tag-function 'div #:class "omission")) + + (define mono (make-default-tag-function 'span #:class "mono")) + + (define font-details (make-default-tag-function 'div #:class "font-details")) + + (define mb-font-specimen + (make-default-tag-function 'div #:class "mb-font-specimen" #:contenteditable "true")) + + (define (margin-note . xs) + `(div ((class "margin-note") ,no-hyphens-attr) ,@xs)) + + (define os (make-default-tag-function 'span #:class "os")) + + (define (gap [size 1.5]) + `(div ((style ,(format "height: ~arem" size))))) + + (define (center . xs) + `(div ((style "text-align:center")) ,@xs)) + + (define (indented #:hyphenate [hyphenate #t] . xs) + `(p ((class "indented"),@(if (not hyphenate) (list no-hyphens-attr) null)) ,@xs)) + + (define caption-runin (make-default-tag-function 'span #:class "caption-runin")) + + (define caption (make-default-tag-function 'span #:class "caption")) + + (define (captioned name . xs) + `(table ((class "captioned indented")) + (tr (td ((style "text-align:left")) ,@xs) (td ,(caption name)))))] + + +@section{Utility functions} + +@defproc[ + (dev-mode?) + boolean?] +Check whether Pollen is running in development mode, which means that it was started from the command line with the environment variable @tt{POLLEN} set to the value @tt{DEV}: + +@terminal{ + > POLLEN=DEV raco pollen ...} + +Rather than the ordinary: + +@terminal{ + > raco pollen ...} + +This functions will be useful later when we want to change the behavior of certain functions when Pollen runs in dev mode. For instance, we might want to run certain functions in a higher speed / lower quality mode. Or output debug information about others. + +@chunk[ + (define (dev-mode?) + (equal? (getenv "POLLEN") "DEV")) + ] + +Though the environment variable name is fixed as @tt{POLLEN}, there's no special magic to @tt{DEV}. We could pick any value we wanted to denote development mode: + +@terminal{ + > POLLEN=FLUGELHORN raco pollen ...} + + +@defproc[ + (capitalize-first-letter + [str string?]) + string?] +For use in our HTML templates. We could also define this function inside a template. But since we have more than one template in this project, we'll put it here, so it can be available to all the templates. + +@chunk[ + (define (capitalize-first-letter str) + (regexp-replace #rx"^." str string-upcase))] + +@section{Finally} + +This last incantation is needed so this @racketmodname[scribble/lp2] document knows how to put together all the code chunks we've introduced in this file. + +@chunk[<*> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + url> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/scribblings/pollen-tfl.scrbl b/scribblings/pollen-tfl.scrbl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d9c34ff --- /dev/null +++ b/scribblings/pollen-tfl.scrbl @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +#lang scribble/manual + +@title{Pollen sample project: Typography for Lawyers} + +@author[(author+email "Matthew Butterick" "mb@mbtype.com")] + +@defmodule[pollen-tfl] + +@local-table-of-contents[] + +@include-section[(submod "pollen-rkt.scrbl" doc)] \ No newline at end of file